work = w = − P external × Δ V. where P external is the external pressure (as opposed to the pressure of the gas in the system) and Δ V is the change in the volume of the gas, which can be calculated from the initial and final volume of the gas: Δ V = V final − V initial. Since work is energy, it has units of Joules (where 1 J = 1 kg ⋅ Toluene is present in crude oils and is a product of oil-refining processes, thus it is used in aviation and automotive fuels. It is also used as a solvent, and to make other chemicals. The phase diagram of toluene is shown below the table. Chemical, physical and thermal properties of toluene : Values are given for liquid at 25 o C /77 o F Peschka [6] estimates an energy requirement of 10 kWh/kg LH 2 for a conventional LH 2 plant with improvements in compression and turbine efficiencies. Bracha shows as much as 13.3 kWh/kg LH 2 for liquefaction at small industrial scales [11]. Discussions with industrial gas companies led to an estimated range of 8-12 kWh/kg LH 2 for new plants 1 lb m /ft 3 = 16.018 kg/m 3; 1 kg/m 3 = 0.0624 lb m /ft 3; Note that even if pounds per cubic foot is often used as a measure of density in the U.S., pounds are really a measure of force, not mass. Slugs are the correct measure of mass. You can divide pounds per cubic foot by 32.2 for a rough value in slugs. a. The volume of an ideal gas enclosed in a thin, elastic membrane in a room at sea level with air temperature 16 °C is 0.6 m3. If the temperature of the room is increased by 20 °C, what is the new volume of the gas (in m3)? b. A container with 6.3 kg of pure water at a temperature of 12 degrees Celsius is placed in a refrigerator where the xOncX.

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